The Dark Web Apart from Tor The dark web, a subset of the broader Deep Web, is comprised of online content that is not indexed by conventional search engines and requires specialized software or permissions to access. While Tor (The Onion Router) is perhaps the most recognized darknet, there are numerous other anonymity networks, each with its own distinct features and user base (Figueras-Martín, Magán-Carrión, & Boubeta-Puig, 2022). Tor, with its onion routing system, is renowned for its ability to enable users to access websites in the dark web anonymously. However, its popularity has also attracted attention from search engines, which often block access to Tor's onion services. To circumvent these restrictions, services like Tor2web have emerged, allowing users to access Tor onion services without using the Tor Browser (Tor2web, n.d). Aside from Tor, other darknets include I2P, Freenet, ZeroNet, GNUnet, Retroshare, Urbit, and Tribler. Unlike Tor, many of these networks opera...
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